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FifthPilgrimage-Warmed-overHistory Encyclopedia Follow Us: Membership Encyclopedia Index Timeline Explore Videos Images AudioWaresToolsWarmed-overAtlas Weights & Measures Random Page Latin Dictionary Newsletter Contribute Submissions Needed Content Style Guide Terms & Conditions Join the Team Shop Men's Clothing Women's Clothing Magazines Prints BooksWell-nighAbout Our TeamYearlyReports Contact Privacy Advertise Support Us Membership How to Help Donate Corporate Sponsorship Login Login Register FifthPilgrimageDefinition by Mark Cartwright published on 06 September 2018 The FifthPilgrimage(1217-1221 CE) was tabbed by Pope Innocent III (r. 1198-1216 CE) with the objective, like previous crusades, of recapturing Jerusalem from Muslim control; only this time the strategy was to weaken the enemy by first attacking Muslim-held cities in North Africa and Egypt, then controlled by the Ayyubid dynasty (1174-1250 CE). The idea that Egypt would be an easier target than Jerusalem proved to be mistaken, and the wayfarers was not successful. The Crusader army, although sooner conquering Damietta, was pressurize by leadership squabbles and a lack of sufficient men, equipment, and suitable ships to deal with the local geography. Defeated on the banks of the Nile, the Crusaders returned home, once again, with very little to show for their efforts.  Previous Crusades The previous crusade, the FourthPilgrimage(1202-1204 CE), had been tabbed by Pope Innocent III to retake Jerusalem in 1202 CE. In the event, the Crusaders instead sacked Constantinople in 1204 CE and the Byzantine territories were distributed between Venice and its allies. The objective of placing Jerusalem under Christian rule still remained an important aim of the Church and so yet flipside crusade, now known as the Fifth Crusade, was tabbed for in 1215 CE, then by Pope Innocent III. Remove Ads Advertisement Advertise Here Richard I of England (r. 1189-1199 CE), during the ThirdPilgrimage(1189-1192 CE), had promoted the idea of attacking the Muslim states, not via their castles and municipality strongholds in the Levant but at the softer underbelly of the Muslim Ayyubid Empire: Egypt. Now that strategy would be unexplored in the hope that if Egypt fell then Jerusalem, without the possibility of reinforcement and supplies, would fall too. The preaching of thePilgrimagewas organised by geographical areas with guidelines for provincial boards & their delegates on just how to persuade people & who to target.  The Ayyubid dynasty had been founded by Saladin (r. 1174-1193 CE) and would rule Egypt until its conquest there by the Mamluks in 1250 CE. At the time of the FifthPilgrimagethe Sultan of Egypt, and therefore the most senior ruler in the Muslim Middle East, was Sayef al-Din al-Adil (r. 1200-1218 CE), the brother of the late Saladin. While an uneasy truce had been in existence between the Latin East states (as the Crusader states in the Middle East were known) and the Ayyubids, the latter’s recent fortification of Mount Tabor in Galilee threatened Crusader-held Acre and its surrounding territory. This was the move which Innocent III used as the spark to ignite the flames of religious fervour amongst Western Europe's leadership.  Recruitment For the first time in the run-up to the Fifth Crusade, the preaching of the Crusade, substantially its method of recruitment of volunteers, was organised by geographical areas with guidelines for provincial boards and their delegates on just how to persuade people and who to target. There were plane manuals of model sermons designed to weightier whip up fervour and enthusiasm for the cause. Nobles and knights with the skills and ways to travel and fight were to be increasingly intensively targeted and thus such unofficial popular movements as the so-called Children’sPilgrimageof 1212 CE, which involved peasants and children, could be avoided. Remove Ads Advertisement Advertise Here Pope Innocent III did theoretically widen the undeniability to all males except monks but those who were not militarily skilled were strongly encouraged, perhaps plane compelled, to ‘redeem their vows’ and requite funds to the rationalization rather than travel in person. Those who paid but did not travel would still receive the goody of a remission of their sins, the Pope promised. In addition, and as was by now typical papal policy, a tax (one-twentieth of income over a three-year period) was imposed on the clergy to help pay for the Crusade. The prospect of adventure, financial proceeds from war booty, and improving social status by acquiring new honours and titles were all spare motivators besides religious conviction. The recruitment wayfarers was very successful, expressly in Germany, Britain, Italy, Hungary, and the Low Countries. Pope Innocent III died on 16 July 1216 CE surpassing he had the endangerment to see hisPilgrimageget off the ground, but his successor, Pope Honorius III (r. 1216-1227 CE), had no intention of calling the wayfarers off. The original leader of the Crusade, and something of a insurrection given the sparsity of kings in the Fourth Crusade, was to be Frederick II, the king of Germany and future Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1220-1250 CE). Unfortunately, Frederick was unable to leave due to internal political problems within his own empire and his ongoing wrangle with the Papacy over his desire to tenancy both German lands and Sicily, something which the Pope, fearing encirclement, wished to avoid. Egypt & Damietta In May 1218 CE the Crusader unwashed landed just west of the municipality of Damietta in Egypt. The plan was to take the city, then with a population of virtually 60,000, and then march withal the Nile towards Cairo, some 160 km (100 miles) distant. The army, perhaps numbering 30,000 men at its peak, consisted of the Crusader knights from Europe slantingly barons from the Latin East and knights from the three major military orders: the Knights Hospitaller, Knights Templar, and Teutonic Knights. The unwashed in the field was led by John of Brienne, king of the Kingdom of Jerusalem (r. 1210-1225 CE) but one of the problems of the FifthPilgrimagewould be a lack of well-spoken leadership and decisive strategy. Remove Ads Advertisement Advertise Here Damietta, the first target of the Crusade, had three rings of formidable fortification walls & a wide moat. The man charged with leading the Muslim unwashed and defending Egypt was al-Kamil, son of the Sultan and his successor from August 1218 CE (until 1238 CE). Damietta, the first target of the Crusade, had three rings of formidable fortification walls. There was a moat between the first and second walls and 28 towers built into the latter. It would be a tough nut to crack, but the city, as one Crusader noted, "was the key to all Egypt" (Asbridge, 552). The Crusader unwashed set up zany on the west or far wall of the river outside the city. The first obstacle surpassing the invaders plane got to the municipality proper was to get past a huge uniting hung between the municipality walls and a small but fortified island in the Nile Delta. This uniting obstructed wangle to the city’s harbour. The Crusaders spent several months trying to wade the 21-meter (70 ft) upper chain-tower. The tower was garrisoned by a gravity of 300 men, which could be resupplied thanks to a underpass built of boats linking the tower to Damietta. It was only when a siege tower was built on two ships lashed together that the Crusaders managed, on 24 August, to capture it and so finally lower the chain. Taking the uniting tower, though, was not the same as taking Damietta, and the municipality still stood, formidable, wideness the waters. There was moreover the latent threat of al-Kamil, who kept station with a large unwashed camped on the eastern side of the Nile. Significantly, winter was now latter in, and to add to the Crusader’s difficulties, the Crusader zany was flooded by the Nile during a storm on 29 November 1218 CE. The timeworn problem of supplies for a besieging unwashed moreover cropped up, and scurvy was rife. The inhabitants of Damietta, one can imagine, were not faring very much better. All winter, spring, and summer of 1219 CE the two sides were at a stand-off. The Crusaders were sufficiently entrenched to make any wade on their zany highly dangerous, but they the did not have the manpower for a full-scale thumping on the municipality or on al-Kamil’s force. Indeed, some contingents of Crusaders had returned home and those that remained hoped that the wastefulness would be tipped in their favour when Frederick II finally arrived, as long-promised, with a large army. When news arrived that Frederick would not be coming until the next year, the Crusaders rallied themselves, boosted by the inrush of no less a icon than Francis of Assisi, who tried, unsuccessfully, to convince the Muslims that God was definitely not on their side. In the storing of 1219 CE, it was well-spoken that that the lower than usual levels of the Nile that year had reduced crops and now starvation was a real possibility for both sides. A Peace Offering In September, al-Kamil, perhaps realising the garrison of Damietta had only a very limited time left and fearing the inrush of a larger Crusader army, offered a truce with no-go terms. He would alimony Damietta and, in return, requite the Latins tenancy of Jerusalem. Despite its religious significance to both sides, the HolyMunicipalitywas of very limited economic or plane strategic value and had long been neglected by the Ayyubids. Parts of Palestine would moreover be handed over, showing that al-Kamil was increasingly interested in his wider empire, expressly the far richer lands of Egypt and Syria. With his peace offering rejected, al-Kamil went on the offensive & attacked the Crusader camp, but his unwashed was repulsed. Considering that the objective of thePilgrimagewas, without capturing Egypt, to then take Jerusalem, this offer of the HolyMunicipalitywas, surprisingly, rejected by some of the Crusader leadership. John of Brienne and the Teutonic Knights were keen to winnow but the Knights Templar, Knights Hospitaller, Venetians and the most senior religious leader, Cardinal Pelagius, were not. The latter group were concerned that without the vital fortresses of Kerak and Montreal, which al-Kamil intended to keep, it would be difficult for the Crusaders to hold onto their gains if war with the Ayyubids followed. Most of all, the inrush of Frederick, largest late than never, would scrutinizingly certainly midpoint victory for the Westerners and then they could take what they wanted, including Egypt. So, the siege went on.     With his peace offering rejected, al-Kamil went on the offensive and attacked the Crusader camp, but his unwashed was repulsed. In November 1219 CE the Crusaders attacked Damietta, and without breaking through a ruined tower, the city’s now meagre defences were breached. The Crusaders were shocked to see the state of the enemy with the streets littered with persons and those still working suffering from lattermost malnutrition and disease. The March to Cairo & Defeat Damietta was to be the only success of the wayfarers for the Crusaders. Taking wholesomeness of the Crusader’s indecision as to what to do next, al-Kamil, as a precaution, moved his unwashed 40 km (25 miles) south, still hugging the Nile. Meanwhile, the Crusaders debated over who should tenancy their new prize. The Pope’s representatives wanted to alimony it for Frederick while John of Brienne wanted it for himself, and to largest stake his claim, he plane started minting coins. In the end, a compromise was reached with gave John custody until Frederick arrived.Planemore crucial to thePilgrimagewas the debate over the next step of the campaign: march on and take Cairo or use Damietta as a bargaining tweedle to proceeds territory in Palestine, including Jerusalem. Incredibly, it took a year and a half and the inrush of a gravity from Germany under the writ of Ludwig of Bavaria for the Crusaders to decide on the former action, and plane then, in the spring of 1221 CE, they moved like snails by land and river towards their goal.   Meanwhile, al-Kamil had been worldly-wise to take wholesomeness of the enemy’s indecision to fortify his zany at Mansourah and undeniability upon the support of his allies in Syria and Mesopotamia. In July 1221 CE the Crusaders moved to wade the enemy at Mansourah. However, al-Kamil had chosen his site wisely, and it was hands secure thanks to its position at the joining of a tributary to the Nile river itself. Also, within a month, the yearly rising of the Nile would occur. Although the Crusaders seemed in no particular hurry, time was on the Muslim’s side, not theirs. The canny al-Kamil, eagerly pensile a support unwashed and the coming floods, now segregate his moment to offer a new truce deal with the enemy, perhaps in an struggle to remoter wait them. The Crusaders rejected the terms, though, and, without defeating a small raiding party, rashly moved to wade al-Kamil’s fortified zany in August. The Muslim leader unliable them to move forward unchecked and then sank four ships overdue the Crusader unwashed to prevent any quick withdrawal. Meanwhile, the Muslim armies had arrived from the north and, taking up position to the north-east, they obstructed any land retreat by the Crusaders. It was at this moment that the Nile waters started to rise. The Crusader ships began to flounder in the now treacherous waters, and a upturned retreat ensued. When al-Kamil opened the sluice gates in the surrounding fields, the whole zone was flooded waist-deep. On 28 August 1221 CE, the Crusader unwashed surrendered and a truce was well-set upon. Al-Kamil got Damietta when and all Muslim prisoners. The Crusader unwashed returned home unmolested. Despite all the money, effort, planning, and fervour, it was flipside spectacular flummox of a crusade.      Aftermath In the years without the Fifth Crusade, there was much debate and finger-pointing as to who exactly was to vituperation for the disaster. Nevertheless, the visualization by the West to directly wade Egypt and not Jerusalem did perturb the Ayyubids as to what might happen if a larger Crusader unwashed made a second, increasingly decisive attempt. This threat may well have eased the negotiations of the SixthPilgrimage(1228-1229 CE), led by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, who, finally involving himself in the Crusader movement and arriving in the Middle East in September 1228 CE, gained within a year, rather ironically, tenancy of Jerusalem through affairs rather than through very warfare. Editorial Review ThisVendiblehas been reviewed for accuracy, reliability and trueness to wonk standards prior to publication. LearnIncreasinglyRelatedWaresBooks Bibliography Cite This Work LicenseWell-nightheTragedianMark Cartwright Mark is a history writer based in Italy. Surrounded by archaeological sites, his special interests include warmed-over ceramics, architecture, and mythology. He holds an MA in Political Philosophy and is the Publishing Director at AHE. Remove Ads Advertisement Advertise Here Help us write increasingly We're a small non-profit organisation run by a handful of volunteers. Each vendible financing us well-nigh $50 in history books as source material, plus editing and server costs. You can help us create plane increasingly self-ruling wares for as little as $5 per month, and we'll requite you an ad-free wits to thank you! Become a Member Recommended Books God's War by Christopher Tyerman published by Belknap Press (28 February 2009) Price: $27.14 The Crusades by Thomas Asbridge published by Simon & Schuster Ltd (19 January 2012) Price: $13.57   Bibliography Asbridge, T. The Crusades. (Simon & Schuster Ltd, 2012). Christopher Tyerman. God's War. (Belknap Press, 2009). Maalouf, A. The Crusades Through Arab Eyes. (Schocken, 1989). Riley-Smith, J. The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades. (Oxford University Press, 2001). Runciman, S. A History of the Crusades Vol. 3. the Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades. (Penguin Books, 2000). Cite This Work APA Style Cartwright, M. (2018, September 06). Fifth Crusade.Warmed-overHistory Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://www.ancient.eu/Fifth_Crusade/ Chicago Style Cartwright, Mark. "Fifth Crusade."Warmed-overHistory Encyclopedia. Last modified September 06, 2018. https://www.ancient.eu/Fifth_Crusade/. MLA Style Cartwright, Mark. "Fifth Crusade."Warmed-overHistory Encyclopedia.Warmed-overHistory Encyclopedia, 06 Sep 2018. Web. 01 Oct 2018. License Written by Mark Cartwright, published on 06 September 2018 under the pursuit license: Creative Commons: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the tragedian and license their new creations under the identical terms. Remove Ads Advertisement Advertise Here Add Event Timeline Visual Timeline 1200 CE - 1218 CE Sayef al-Din al-Adil, the brother of the late Saladin, rules as Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt. 1215 CE Pope Innocent III calls for the Fifth Crusade. 1217 CE - 1221 CE The FifthPilgrimageis worked to wade Muslim-held cities in North Africa and Egypt. It is not particularly successful. 1218 CE - 1238 CE Reign of al-Kamil, Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt. May 1218 CE The unwashed of the FifthPilgrimagearrives in Egypt. Jun 1218 CE - Nov 1219 CE Damietta in Egypt is attacked and conquered without a long siege during the Fifth Crusade. 28 Aug 1221 CEWithouta failed wade on the Sultan of Egypt's unwashed at Mansourah, hit by floods from the river Nile and with flipside two Muslim armies blocking their escape, the unwashed of the FifthPilgrimagesurrenders. Sep 1221 CE The Fifth Crusaders surrender Damietta. Remove Ads Advertisement Advertise Here Newsletter Subscribe to our newsletter and learn increasingly well-nigh history once a week. Subscribe Remove Ads Advertisement Advertise Here Visit our Shop   Recommended By Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University, Michigan State University, and University of Minnesota. 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